Ammonia Leaks: Causes, Risks, Detection, and Prevention

Ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration, agriculture, and chemical processing—but even small leaks can carry serious risks. Exposure to concentrations as low as 5 to 15 parts per million (ppm) can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat. At levels above 300 ppm, ammonia becomes flammable and potentially fatal in confined spaces.

In Canada, the environmental implications are equally concerning. In 2019, over 69,400 tonnes of ammonia were reported as released into air, water, and land by 440 facilities, with the majority entering water systems. These figures highlight the widespread use of ammonia and the critical importance of leak prevention and emergency preparedness.

This article outlines the causes of ammonia leaks, how to detect and respond to them, and how to prevent them—along with expert insight into how Enns Industrial Refrigeration supports safe and efficient ammonia refrigeration operations.

Key takeaways

• Ammonia leaks can occur due to corrosion, equipment failure, or human error
• Exposure may result in respiratory issues, eye and skin irritation, or worse under dangerous concentrations
• Early detection is critical and requires both training and proper equipment
• Preventive maintenance and high-quality components significantly reduce leak risks
• Enns Industrial Refrigeration offers both emergency response and ongoing system support

What is ammonia and where is it used?

Ammonia is a colourless gas with a sharp, penetrating odour. It’s both naturally occurring and industrially manufactured. In commercial and industrial settings, it’s most commonly used in:

• Refrigeration systems (especially in food and beverage processing plants)
• Fertilizer production and large-scale agricultural operations
• Petrochemical manufacturing and water treatment facilities

Its effectiveness as a refrigerant stems from its high energy efficiency and low global warming potential compared to synthetic refrigerants.

Learn more about ammonia vs co2 refrigeration

What causes ammonia leaks?

Ammonia leaks can stem from several sources, many of which are preventable with regular inspection and system upkeep:

• Equipment failure: Worn-out valves, seals, compressors, or gaskets are common culprits.
• Piping corrosion: Ammonia is highly corrosive to certain metals over time, especially under high pressure or moisture exposure.
• Poor installation: Faulty welding, incorrect piping alignment, or outdated system components can introduce weak points.
• Operational mistakes: Inadequate training or failure to follow proper procedures can lead to accidental releases.
• Lack of preventive maintenance: Small undetected issues can grow into serious problems if left unchecked.

Health and environmental risks of ammonia leaks

Human health risks of ammonia leaks

Exposure to ammonia gas can range from mildly irritating to life-threatening, depending on the concentration and duration:

• Mild exposure (25–50 ppm): Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Moderate exposure (100–400 ppm): Coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath and breathing difficulty
• Severe exposure (>500 ppm): Lung damage, skin burns, and potential asphyxiation

Environmental impact of ammonia leaks

Leaked ammonia is a hazardous substance and can be toxic to aquatic life and contribute to air pollution. In enclosed or poorly ventilated environments, it can accumulate rapidly, increasing the risk of fire or explosion under specific conditions.

Legal consequences of ammonia leaks

In Canada, facilities must comply with WHMIS, CSA B52, and CEPA regulations when handling or reporting ammonia leaks.

How to detect an ammonia leak

Physical signs

• Sharp odour: Ammonia vapors have a distinctive smell that is usually detectable well before it becomes dangerous
• Frost build-up: Ice may form on leaking pipes or valves
• Hissing sounds: Indicating gas escaping from pressurized systems

Detection tools

• Fixed gas detectors: Installed throughout facilities to monitor ammonia levels continuously
• Portable gas sensors: Used for inspections and confined spaces
• Chemical test kits and indicator papers: Useful for pinpointing small leaks

Training and awareness

All facility personnel should be trained to recognize leak indicators and respond quickly. Early detection can reduce damage and avoid health complications. Employees should be properly informed of evacuation procedures in case of an ammonia leak.

Ammonia leak prevention and control strategies

Preventing ammonia leaks starts with a proactive approach to system maintenance, design, and training.

Use high-quality ammonia refrigeration parts

Low-grade components are more prone to failure. Investing in reliable ammonia refrigeration parts from reputable manufacturers significantly reduces the likelihood of leaks.

Schedule regular maintenance and inspections

Routine system checkups can detect wear, corrosion, or pressure imbalances before they escalate. Hire a reliable ammonia refrigeration services company like Enns Industrial Refrigeration to establish a custom ammonia refrigeration maintenance schedule, inspect critical points, and replace worn-out ammonia refrigeration components.

Learn more about industrial refrigeration service contracts

Engineering controls

• Proper ventilation to reduce ammonia concentration
• Automatic shutoff valves and pressure relief systems
• Containment enclosures around high-risk zones

Employee training

Ensure all staff are trained on:

• Ammonia safety procedures
• How to respond to alarms
• PPE (personal protective equipment) use and first-aid protocols

Documentation and planning

Keep maintenance logs, safety checklists, and emergency procedures up to date and accessible.

What to do if an ammonia leak occurs

How to respond to an ammonia leak:

1. Evacuate the area immediately—ensure all staff move to designated safe zones.
2. Activate alarms and ventilation systems if they haven’t triggered automatically.
3. Shut down ammonia systems from a safe, remote location if possible.
4. Notify emergency services, emergency responders and hazardous materials teams.
5. Equip responders with full PPE, including SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus).
6. Isolate the leak if trained and safe to do so.
7. Document the incident and investigate the root cause.

Call Enns Industrial Refrigeration

If your facility experiences a leak, Enns Industrial Refrigeration can provide rapid, on-site support, leak containment services, and post-incident inspection to get your system back online safely.

Contact Enns for emergency ammonia refrigeration support in Toronto, Mississauga, Guelph, Hamilton and the Kitchener-Waterloo region.

Ammonia regulations and industry standards

Facilities using ammonia in Canada must comply with several federal and provincial regulations:

• WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System): Covers classification, labelling, and employee training
• CCOHS (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety): Offers best practices for chemical handling
• CSA B52: The Mechanical Refrigeration Code that governs safe installation and operation of ammonia systems
• CEPA (Canadian Environmental Protection Act): Requires reporting of significant releases and proper spill response planning

Work with expert ammonia refrigeration contractors to prevent leaks

Ammonia systems demand experienced professionals who understand their complexity and risks. Whether you need emergency service, routine maintenance, or system upgrades, Enns Industrial Refrigeration provides expert ammonia refrigeration emergency services and ammonia leak prevention across Ontario.

Our ammonia refrigeration technicians are trained in:

• Preventive maintenance planning
• Leak detection and diagnostics
• Emergency containment
• Ammonia system design and retrofits
• Supply of durable, high-performance ammonia refrigeration components

Partnering with an expert ammonia leak prevention contractor in Toronto and across Ontario like Enns Industrial is the most effective way to safeguard your facility and reduce the risk of costly ammonia leaks.

Contact Enns Refrigeration for Ammonia Refrigeration Support in Ontario

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about ammonia leaks

What happens if there is an ammonia leak?

Ammonia gas can quickly irritate the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. Depending on the amount, it may require a full evacuation, emergency services, and professional cleanup.

What is the protocol for ammonia leaks?

Evacuate the area, isolate the leak if possible, call emergency services, and ensure only trained personnel respond with appropriate safety gear. Contact specialists like Enns Industrial for professional containment and system repair.

Is ammonia toxic to breathe?

Yes. Breathing ammonia can cause coughing, chest pain, and potentially serious lung damage. In high concentrations, it may be fatal without immediate medical attention.

How far away from an ammonia leak is safe?

Safe distance depends on the size of the leak and ventilation. A small leak in a well-ventilated area may only require a short perimeter, while larger leaks can require evacuations over 100 metres.

Should I be concerned if I smell ammonia?

Yes. Ammonia’s strong smell is a warning sign. Even low concentrations should be investigated immediately to rule out a leak or ventilation failure.

What does an ammonia leak smell like?

A strong, sharp, pungent odour similar to urine or cleaning products. Easily noticeable even at low concentrations.

Can a small ammonia leak be dangerous?

Yes. Even low levels can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation. Prolonged exposure can lead to serious health issues.

Are ammonia leaks flammable?

Ammonia is not highly flammable but can combust under certain conditions, especially when mixed with air in confined spaces.

How often should ammonia systems be inspected in Ontario?

Inspections should follow manufacturer guidelines, industry best practices, and be conducted at least quarterly in high-risk facilities.

Who is responsible for ammonia leak prevention in Canada?

Employers are responsible under federal and provincial occupational health and safety laws to ensure a safe workplace, including ammonia leak prevention.